William Oughtred and the History of the Slide Rule

Before we had calculators we had slide rules. The circular (1632) and rectangular (1620) slide rules were invented by an Episcopalian minister and mathematician William Oughtred. History of the Slide Rule A calculating tool, the invention of the slide rule was made possible by John Napiers invention of logarithms, and Edmund Gunters invention of logarithmic scales, which slide rules are based upon. Logarithms Logarithms made it possible to perform multiplications and divisions by addition and subtraction, according to The Museum of HP Calculators. Mathematicians had to look up two logs, add them together and then look for the number whose log was the sum. Edmund Gunter reduced the labor by drawing a number line in which the positions of numbers were proportional to their logs. William Oughtred simplified things further with the slide rule by taking the two Gunters lines and sliding them relative to each other thus eliminating the dividers. William Oughtred William Oughtred made the first slide rule by inscribing logarithms on wood or ivory. Before the invention of the pocket or handheld calculator, the slide rule was a popular tool for calculations. The use of slide rules continued until about 1974, after which electronic calculators became more popular. Later Slide Rules Several inventors improved upon William Oughtreds slide rule. 1677 - Henry Coggeshall invented a 2-foot folding slide rule for lumber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule.1815 - Peter Mark Roget invented the log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm.1859 - French artillery lieutenant Amà ©dà ©e Mannheim invented an improved slide rule.1891 - Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical slide rule in the United States.The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891.

Symptoms And Treatments Of Schizophrenia - 1205 Words

Schizophrenia Roughly 2.5 Million Americans have been diagnosed with a chronical brain disorder known as Schizophrenia. Most people believe schizophrenia causes people to have split personalities, but that’s not the case. The illness called Schizophrenia causes a person to hallucinate, hear voices that others can’t hear, make people believe that they are being watched, and the belief somebody is out to harm them. (Mental Health America 2015) In this paper I will write about the prevalence, what causes schizophrenia, symptoms and what the treatments options are. Schizophrenia is not as well-known as other brain disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar but it is also a very serious and chronic disorder that has been interfering†¦show more content†¦Older children such as teenagers are not as lucky as smaller children because it is not uncommon for them to be diagnosed with the disorder. Normally the First signs in a teenager who is affected with Schizophrenia are not as noticeable because the symptoms of the illness are much like the behavior that is expected from a teenager. The symptoms that are easily missed in teenagers are irritability, problems in school, and lack of interest in family and friends. The symptoms that I have listed are usually missed because many parents associate these types of things with normal teens who basically don’t like anything. This disorder doesn’t have a favorite type of person and can strike anyone at any time. This disorder only affects the brain and scientists have been unable to determine what causes it develop within a person’s brain. Experts believe that chemical imbalances in the brain combined with genetics and even the environment possibly are what causes Schizophrenia. Genetics has always been pointed out as a root cause for this disorder to develop because historically people that have family members that have already been diagnosed with the disorder are more likely to develop the disorder themselves. The risk for developing schizophrenia has always been higher in people who have a family history of this mind consuming disorder and other types of mental illnesses. The

The Securities And Exchange Commission - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about The Securities And Exchange Commission. Answer: The hospitality program conducted by BHP Billiton for the government officials in the Olympics games during the year 2009 in Beijing are considered to be inappropriate in the eyes of laws. This is because such hospitality program aims to gain support from the government officials by the company to achieve its business objectives. The SEC in this case has exposed the illegal practices of BHP Billiton that does not comply with the code of conduct of the company and therefore regarded to be unfair and unethical. The launching of a hospitality program is not considered to be appropriate for a business entity in general. There is a code of conduct for the government officials that they cannot accept any hospitability services and gifts that exceed a specific amount that is exposed by SEC during the hospitality program. These gifts and services are considered to be bribe offered by BHP Billiton for achieving its personal business motives and thus are regarded to be inappropriate (Plum, 201 5). BHP Billiton was the official sponsor of the Beijing Olympics games held in 2008 and company has the right to use the Olympics trademark and has the right to access the Olympics tickets. In additions of the tickets, BHP has the right to access the hospitality suits and also the accommodations. They make use of such access to invite the Chinese Officials to join such hospitality program for providing them entertainment and thus pleasing them to gain support for its mining deal in Cambodia (Groot, 2015). It has been reported in media that top executive of the BHP has approached the officials of the Beijing Olympics soon after the Sydney Olympics has ended in year 2000. The evidences also revealed that BHP Billiton was regarded to be as the diversified minerals and medal sponsor for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. This also raised the questions regarding the nature of the sponsorship program of BHP Billiton. It has been exposed by SEC that such a program launched by BHP only aims to develop a closer relation with the Chinese government officials for its future business projects. The hospitality program not only aims to advertise the products and services of the company to the government officials but also to develop a strong bond with them. The development of closer relations with the Chinese Officials, who are mainly executives in state-owned steel making firms, was important for the company as they are its important clients (Plum, 2015). As such, the activities of BHP Billiton was considered to be inappropriate when it launched the hospitality program during Olympics at Beijing in the year 2008 as it has not implemented proper controls for preventing the occurrence of activities related to bribery and corruption. The company has also not provided details regarding the expenditure incurred during its hospitality program (Mintzer, 2015). It has been estimated that the company has incurred an expenditure of about 10 million dollars for entertaining the Chinese officials. As such, the high cost involved for carrying out hospitality program is regarded to be unfair and is considered as a case of foreign bribery. The program was launched by BHO Billiton in consideration of global ethics panel for ensuring the effective compliance with the Australian and international laws related to preventing the occurrence of corrupt practices such as bribery (Anti-Bribery Laws in Australia, 2017). The BHP Billiton is also alleged for inviting the government officials who are in a position to influence the pending matters of the company related to its mineral exploration activities in Cambodia. In addition to this, the SEC has also found out in the matter that the invites send by BHP Billion to government officials during the hospital program were not accurate and complete. It has also not provided specific training to its employees and executives for the hospitality program and therefore the staff members has not effectively complied with the anti-corruption polices during the program. There is absence of an independent risk and audit commit within the company that can shed light on the unethical activities carried out by the company during the hospitality program (Are your sponsorship and hospitality controls enough to satisfy the FCPA, 2015). The investigation of the hospitality program by the SEC has put BHP under the breach of Australian bribery laws. The case has put dire ct claims on BHP Billiton for launching the hospitality program only for supporting its business plans of growth in Cambodia. As such, bribing a foreign official is regarded as a serious offence under the section 70.2 of the Criminal Code in Australia. Thus, the analysis of the activities of BHP Billiton during the hospitality program has negatively impacted its brand image to a large extent in Australia (BHP Billiton: Resourcing the Future, 2009). References Anti-Bribery Laws in Australia. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/legal-updates/quickguide-anti-bribery-laws-in-australia/ [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Are your sponsorship and hospitality controls enough to satisfy the FCPA? Maybe not. 2015. [Online]. Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f6dada51-54f0-4dfb-9e23-03c9354b1b3e [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Groot, C. 2015. Sponsorship of the Olympic Games, BHP Billiton and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [Online]. Available at: https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/sponsorship-of-the-olympic-games-bhp-billiton-and-the-securities-and-exchan [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Plum, A. 2015. BHP fined $US25m after Olympics bribery probe. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/news/bhp-fined-us25m-after-olympics-bribery-probe/news-story/9e0022cc7cab5edeedcc71ae7f7c27a4 [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. BHP Billiton: Resourcing the Future. 2009. [Online]. Available at: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/system/attachments/4518/original/sustainabilitySupplementaryInformation2009.pdf?1266389552 [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Mintzer, R. 2015. Inhospitable Hospitality: BHP Billitons $25M FCPA Fine. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ieyenews.com/wordpress/inhospitable-hospitality-bhp-billitons-25m-fcpa-fine/ [Accessed on: 10 January 2018].

The term Postmodernism Essay Thesis Example For Students

The term Postmodernism Essay Thesis Lyotard for instance thought that modernity was dead by explaining that Truth as a condition of modernity was replaced by performativity, or usefulness, a condition of postmodernism (Connor, 1989). Connor critiqued Lyotard by arguing utility was another form of rationalisation. Beaudrillard, who focussed on symbolism and consumer culture, wrote that the end of economy symbolised the end of modernity and described that modernity is losing all its substance for the pursuit of the superficial aesthetic (Kumar, 1995). We will write a custom essay on The term Postmodernism Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Bertens and Natoli (2002) critiqued Baudrillards predominant concern with symbols over the real and referred to his exaggerated view of postmodernism as represented by symbolism as a hyper-reality. Postmodernism or late modernity? Some writers describe society and culture as late modernity while others prefer to describe it as postmodern. It is unclear that there is a difference between the two. Kumar describes postmodenism as the effect of key changes including sensitivity to difference in society and acceptance of pathological arguments. For Kumar, the dismantling of society does not equal the end of modernity. Deconstructionist writers like Derrida and De Sassure focus on theories that fragment metanarratives or truth. Their focus is on plurality of knowledge by way of multiple interpretations of signs like those in mass media and consumer culture (Beaudrillard, 1988). In this way, it is no longer possible to utilise one narrative, as signs in consumer culture are pastiched and can provide plural meanings rather than contradictory ones. While for Baudrillard and Lyotard, plurality is the demise of the authentic and therefore the end of modernity, Kumar, describes the extension of modernity in saying the combination of many traditions to form a new, rather than rejection of the old tradition. (Kumar,1995,105) Kumar explains that it is not clear that postmodernity has begun, nor that modernity is clearly over. Rather than it being a clearly demarcated phase, it is described as unevenly loose process that is clearly happening where There is simply a more or less random directionless flux across all sections of society. (Kumar, 1995, 103). He perceives these changes to be consistent with postmodernism but realizes there is no guiding principle for the change as for example in Marxist theory and capitalism. Other key writers advocating for the relevance of modernism, are Smart, Lash Ury, Crook and Habermas. Crook (1992) critiques Habermas by arguing that we are in an advanced state of modernism or known as late modernism rather than postmodernism. He argues that if capitalism is associated with modernism, then advanced rationalisation and comodification can only mean we are in a high level of modernism. Crook prefers to sit more on the fence and although advises against nostalgia for modernism he explains it is too early to predict the postmodern condition but also premature to say modernism is over (Crook et al, 1992). Meta narratives like progress and rationality are still sought as the final end. To conclude this briefing, an understanding of postmodernism in the absence of a clearly guided definition has been provided. Potmodernism referred to the breakdown of modernity or at least the transformation of modernity. This briefing discussed that where modernism meant the embracing of universal truths like progress, reason and rationality, postmodernism could be seen in two ways; abandonment of the modern for the pursuit of a different approach or the extension of modernity. Under this scenario, I discussed the blurring of different knowledge. The question remains to be clarified as to whether western society is in a modern or postmodern reality. Given the Bush administrations post September 11 warfare, the pursuit for truth like freedom and liberty has widened the gap between modern and postmodern thinking at a global level and polarized those who believe in universal truths and those that do not.